It has more signatories than any other international agreement or. Frequently asked questions and answers about the montreal. Montreal protocol is on the cusp of either becoming one of the j. Montreal protocol sustainable development knowledge. Using historical odss emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that. Mtoc 2014 assessment report iii montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer report of the unep medical technical options committee 2014 assessment assessment report the text of this report is composed in times new roman. The montreal protocol sets out a schedule to control substances that deplete the ozone layer. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer 1987. The montreal protocol is signed by 197 countries the first treaty in the history. The montreal protocol and its implications for climate change. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer report of the unep technology and economic assessment panel march 2016 decision xxvii4 task force report.
The 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, ratified by the united states in 1988, was an agreement to phase out production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons cfcs. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone. These parties are referred to in paragraph 1 of article 5 of the montreal protocol. You may need a pdf reader to view some of the files on this page. Montreal protocol highlights green economys benefits. The study was prepared in close consultation with an international panel of. Understanding of the science, recognition of the impacts, and awareness of the. Interrelationship between continued funding and methyl bromide 622. In the context of international environmental treaties, the montreal protocol has seen. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting climate article pdf available in proceedings of the national academy of sciences 10412. Critics argue that it is vague, selfcancelling, unscientific and. International actions the montreal protocol on substances. It was the first international treaty to be signed by all countries of the world and is considered the greatest environmental success story in the history of the united nations. Montreal protocol for protecting earths hydroclimate.
Concluded at montreal on 16 sep tember 1987 authentic texts. Initially signed by 46 countries, the treaty now has nearly 200 signatories. Guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies. Preserving montreal protocol climate benefits by limiting.
The objective of the guidelines for the economic evaluation of health technologies. The stratospheric ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, which is associated with an increased prevalence of skin cancer and cataracts, reduced agricultural productivity, and. Background the montreal protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozonedepleting substances ods. Global benefits and costs of the montreal protocol. This protocol shall be open for signature by states and by regional economic integration organizations in montreal on 16 september 1987, in ottawa from 17 september 1987 to 16 january 1988, and at united nations headquarters in new york from 17 january 1988 to 15 september 1988. In addition to the direct benefits of achieving the phase out of ods the. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer with annex. Sep 25, 2017 turning 30 this month, the montreal protocol was a landmark environmental success that serves as a model for addressing other problems, although it also has some unfinished business. Training manual for custom officers unep 2008, have also. Hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which do not destroy stratospheric ozone, were considered longterm substitutes for odss and are not. The montreal protocol centre for public impact cpi. Sep 16, 2007 the montreal protocol can serve as a useful model in that context by creating a forum for exchange of information and ideas while recognizing that each government intends to, and should, follow its own path on how best to achieve agreed environmental and human health goals. The protocols real resource costs should not be confused with the costs of the multilateral fund established under the protocol.
The world bank china montreal protocol partnership alone has, since 1991 phasedout the consumption and production of more than 219,000 tons of ozonedepleting substances from sectors as diverse as refrigeration, airconditioning, foam manufacturing, aerosol production and fire extinguishing. Arabic, chinese, english, french, russian and spanish. The case of the montreal protocol fondazione eni enrico mattei. Montreal protocol, formally montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, international treaty, adopted in montreal on sept. In 1987, to address the destruction of the ozone layer, the international community established the montreal protocol on ozonedepleting substances. We aimed to analyse the impact on greenhouse gas emissions and drug costs of making this switch. An ozone depletion potential odp index is used to gauge a substances relative potential to deplete stratospheric ozone. The montreal protocol the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is the landmark multilateral environmental agreement that regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 manmade chemicals referred to as ozone depleting substances ods. Frequently asked questions and answers about the montreal protocol it includes information on general ozone science, policies and regulations, and future ozone protection. The montreal protocol is signed by 197 countries the first treaty in the history of the united nations to achieve universal. Pdf the 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
The world had a difficult choice in 1987, between the costs of protecting and restoring the ozone layer and the costs. It provides financial and technical support for developing countries to comply with the montreal protocols obligations. The abundances of these ods, listed in the annexes to the montreal protocol, had increased steadily during the 1970s and the early 1980s. Sep 10, 2012 montreal protocol highlights green economys benefits, secretarygeneral says in message to mark international day for preservation of ozone layer 10 september 2012 secretarygeneral. Why the montreal protocol is the most successful climate. Economic trade links among countries will transmit effects of greenhousegas control measures adopted by one set of nations, in a ripple effect, to countries that may not have agreed to share the burdens of control. Setting we studied national health service prescription data from. As a result, in 1987, world leaders signed the montreal protocol, a global agreement for the phase. Economic consequences transboundary impacts acid rain haze pollution water pollution nuclear fallout. The montreal protocol limits the production and consumption of specific sets of ozonedepleting substances. Beginning in the 1970s, concerns that the refrigerants used in most air conditioners and refrigerators were leaking into the air and depleting the earths ozone layer led to the negotiation and signing of the montreal protocol, a 1987 united nations treaty phasing out the use of these chemicals. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting climate.
Background analysis for the kyoto protocol oecd workshop oecd headquarters, paris, 1718 september 1998. The montreal protocol is an international treaty that addresses the problem of ozone depleting substances. Handbook for the montreal protocol on substances that deplete. The montreal protocol is widely heralded as a success story both in terms of achieving its direct aims in ods phaseout targets and the resultant curbs in ozone depletion, and. Montreal protocol allows a qualitative test of theories on the economic foundations of. The impact of kigali was assessed using industry interviews and surveys and additional modeling, based on current ind ustry trends and the experience of prior transitions under the montreal protocol. Montreal protocol assessment reveals healing ozone. The kigali amendment to the montreal protocol establishes three different timetables for all developed and developing countries to freeze and then reduce their production and use of hfcs, with the first cuts expected from developed countries by 2019. Hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which do not destroy stratospheric ozone, were considered longterm substitutes for odss. Environment canada commissioned this study on the global benefits and costs of the montreal protocol as part of canadas contributions to the tenth anniversary meeting of the parties to the montreal protocol. Handbook for the montreal protocol on substances that. An economic assessment of the kyoto protocol using the global trade and environment model vivek tulpule, stephen brown, jaekyu lim, cain polidano, hom pant and brian s. The main objective of the multilateral fund for the implementation of the montreal protocol is to assist developing country parties to the montreal protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances ods is less than 0.
The montreal protocol has proven to be innovative and successful, and is the first treaty to achieve universal ratification by all countries in the world. Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations. The specification includes lagged cfc productionconsumption as a regressor in order to. An economic assessment of the kyoto protocol using the. Apr 30, 2018 the 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, ratified by the united states in 1988, was an agreement to phase out production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons cfcs.
Notwithstanding the provisions contained in this article and. Socio economic impact assessment of implementing the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Socioeconomic impact assessment of implementing the. Medical technical options committee composition and layout. Feb 24, 2012 the montreal protocol is perhaps the most successful international environmental treaty, responsible for global phaseout of the consumption and production of ozonedepleting substances odss, e. Key lessons from the montreal protocol experience for promotion of a green economy. Using historical odss emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ods. Understanding of the science, recognition of the impacts, and awareness of the technological and economic challenges informed policy. The montreal protocol has been both groundbreaking and complex for a number of reasons. Us manufacturing impact fluorocarbons in the american economy. The montreal protocol schedule for reducing methyl bromide production and importation for the u.
Objectives metereddose inhalers mdis contain propellants which are potent greenhouse gases. This comprehensive handbook outlines all amendments and decisions. Complemented in 1991 by the establishment of its dedicated financial mechanism, the multilateral fund for the implementation of the montreal protocol mlf, the protocol has set the standard for cooperative and concerted global environmental partnership. Adopted in 1987, the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer legally enforces the phaseout of the production and use of ozone depleting substances chemicals often used in refrigeration, airconditioning, foam manufacturing, aerosol production, and fire extinguishing the treatys financial mechanism, the multilateral fund for the implementation of the montreal protocol. An economic assessment of the kyoto protocol using the global. The montreal protocols financial mechanism that includes a multilateral fund is the first of its kind to be established.
Further information on alternatives to ozone depleting substances the text of this report is composed in times new roman. Industrial research organisation 2006, economic impact of climate change policy. See unep environmental effects panel, environmental effects of ozone depletion. Moreover, these are not expected to remain constant, and. Pdf the importance of the montreal protocol in protecting climate. Since then, a number of ozonesafe substitutes have been developed and. The international treaty called the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer montreal protocol exit is gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances to limit their damage to the earths ozone layer. India wants hfc phasedown under montreal protocol, seeks 15 years grace 18 apr, 2015, 05. Many agencies propose a switch to alternative, low global warming potential gwp inhalers, such as dry powder inhalers dpis. The montreal protocol is perhaps the most successful international environmental treaty, responsible for global phaseout of the consumption and production of ozonedepleting substances odss, e. Economic impact of kigali amendment ratification congress. Under the montreal protocol and national regulations, significant decreases have occurred in the production, use, emissions, and observed atmospheric concentrations of cfc11, cfc1, methyl chloroform, and several other odss 4, 12 14 and there is emerging evidence for recovery of stratospheric ozone 4, 15.
Odss are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. The kigali amendment offers little benefit to the climate. How global action protects us from the ravages of ultraviolet. The montreal protocol can serve as a useful model in that context by creating a forum for exchange of information and ideas while recognizing that each government intends to, and should, follow its own path on how best to achieve agreed environmental and human health goals. These revisions changed phaseout targets and added hazardous chemicals to the protocol. Montreal protocol sustainable development knowledge platform. The fund, which is being hosted in montreal by canada, is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. The montreal protocol has since evolved with four additional important revisions after london that included more revisions and adjustments in copenhagen 1992, montreal 1997, beijing 1999, and kigali 2016. The impact of international environmental agreements. For the developing countries, there will be a freeze in 2002 at. Global benefits and costs of the montreal protocol springerlink. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. The concept precautionary principle is generally considered to have arisen in english from a translation of the german term vorsorgeprinzip in the 1970s in response to forest degradation and sea pollution, where german lawmakers adopted clean air act banning use of certain substances suspected in causing the environmental damage even though evidence of their impact was.
For example, emission restrictions under the kyoto protocol will increase the. Canada is to assist the doers of economic evaluations i. Despite the formal support of 108 countries, representing more than half the parties to the montreal protocol, for. Since that time, continued scientific study has led to the strengthening of this protocol, which has now been ratified by 196 countries1 unep, 2009. Montreal protocol seeks to offset some of the economic and social costs. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is the most successful global environmental agreement in history. The importance of the montreal protocol in protecting.
The montreal protocol has also evolved over time to adjust to a changing environment. The montreal protocol and the green economy abbreviations abbreviations article 5 1 developing country parties to the montreal protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ods is less than 0. The precautionary principle or precautionary approach is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. The 1987 montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozonedepleting substances odss. Protection of the ozone layer, it is the most universally ratified multilateral environmental agreement. The montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer 6 a whether any substances, and if so which, should be added to or removed from any annex to this protocol, and b the mechanism, scope and timing of the control measures that should apply to those substances. Turning 30 this month, the montreal protocol was a landmark environmental success that serves as a model for addressing other problems, although it also has some unfinished business. These are partly due to the the greenhouse warming caused by the cfcs but are also due to the impact that ozone depletion has on tropospheric circulation and, hence, on the locations and intensities of precipitation bands. Leveraging worldwide participation, the montreal protocol has sent clear signals to the global market and placed the ozone layer, which was in peril, on a path to repair.
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